Quantum enhanced sensing and imaging

Quantum sensing and imaging technologies have the potential to revolutionise industries by providing measurement precision that surpasses the capabilities of classical systems. Quantum sensors leverage the unique properties of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to detect extremely small changes in physical parameters like temperature, magnetic fields, and acceleration.

At Heriot-Watt’s Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences (IPaQS), researchers are developing quantum sensors that can be used in a wide range of applications, from medical diagnostics to environmental monitoring. For example, quantum sensors based on one single electron can achieve spatial resolution as small as of few tens of nanometres (10,000x smaller than the width of a human hair!), enabling us to image magnetic fields, temperature and currents in nanomaterials and nanodevices. IPaQS hosts the first commercial low-temperature scanning quantum sensor worldwide, and we use it to study novel effects in technological materials, such as superconductors and next-generation magnetic devices. Quantum sensors enable us to detect small quantities of molecules relevant for chemistry and biomedical research, enabling us to detect disease early – and often early disease detection means better treatment! In environmental science, quantum sensors could monitor pollutants and climate conditions with unparalleled accuracy, providing critical data for addressing global environmental challenges.

On a different application, we utilise single photon detectors to push the limits of optical imaging. By recording the arrival times of individual photons, we can achieve better depth resolution, image targets at kilometre range, track fast moving objects (even light itself!). We furthermore utilise the properties of quantum entanglement to improve image resolution.

Quantum sensing is also transforming fields such as navigation and defence. Quantum accelerometers and gyroscopes can provide highly accurate inertial navigation systems, offering an alternative to GPS, which can be vulnerable to interference. In defence, quantum magnetometers can detect submarines or other metallic objects underwater with unprecedented sensitivity.

We are part of four of the five new quantum Hubs, established by the UKRI Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) to ensure the UK benefits from the potential of quantum technologies. Heriot-Watt leads the “Integrated Quantum Networks Hub” (IQN) and is involved in the UK Hub for Quantum Enabled Position Navigation and Timing (QEPNT), The UK Quantum Technology Research Hub in Sensing, Imaging and Timing (QuSIT) and the UK Quantum Biomedical Sensing Research Hub (Q-BIOMED). Industry collaboration is key to these hubs, leveraging cash and in-kind contributions from partners worth more than £54 million.

The Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences (IPaQS) is part of a focused research ecosystem at Heriot-Watt University, working to tackle some of the world’s most pressing challenges. By bringing together experts in quantum technologies and photonics, IPaQS fosters a collaborative environment where innovative solutions can be developed. This interdisciplinary approach is strengthened through external partnerships, ensuring the research not only advances scientific understanding but also delivers real-world impact across multiple sectors.